aprYl 06 2006

akfl qÉq dy ieiqhfs ivc sMn 1920 ivÈyÈ mhwqqf rwKdf hY. ies sfl akfl qÉq df pRbMD qkrIbn 100 sfl bfad pMQ ny Kud sMBfilaf sI. ies mOky akfl qÉq dI syvf-sMBfl leI iek 25 mYNbrI afrËI jQf bxfieaf igaf sI, ijs mgroN akfl qÉq df pRbMD iesy sfl kfiem hoey akflI dl ny sMBfl ilaf sI. 1926 qk akflI dl (jo mgroN ÈRomxI akflI dl bx igaf) dy pRbMD hyT rihx mgroN akfl qÉq df pRbMD ÈRomxI kmytI ny sFB ilaf, pr hkIkI kMtrol ÈRomxI akflI dl df hI irhf. aPsos AudoN qoN lY ky awj qk afey anykF AuqrfvF-cVHfvF dOrfn akfl qÉq dI pMQk isDFqF muqfbk Èfn bhflI leI ÈRomxI akflI dl qy ÈRomxI kmytI ny koeI Xqn qF kI krnf sI, sgoN iesdIaF kdrF-kImqF df Gfx krn ‘c koeI ksr nf CwzI.
1920 ‘c iswKF ny ieiqhfs qoN pRyrxf lYNidaF akflI PUlf isMG dy hiQafrbMd jQy vloN mhfrfjf rxjIq isMG dy rfjkfl ‘c akfl qÉq df pRbMD sucwjy ZMg nfl clfAux dy kfrn hI pMQ dI vfihd jQybMdI df nF ‘akflI dl‘ rwiKaf, pr ieh vfihd jQybMdI CyqI hI pMQk kdrF-kImqF qoN lFBy ho geI. ‘bwbr akflI lihr‘ ies jQybMdI df ‘sunihrI dOr‘ sI, ijs dOrfn akflIaF ny keI pMQ duÈmxF ƒ soiDaf qy gurduafiraF df pRbMD pMQ hvfly krn ‘c vwzf rol adf kIqf. ies mgroN ÈRomxI akflI dl Kud qF pMQk inÈfny qoN Btikaf hI, nflo-nfl akfl qÉq dy isDFqF ƒ vI afpxy muqfbk Zflxf ÈurU kr idwqf.
1925 ‘c ÈRomxI kmytI dy nfl nfl akfl qÉq ƒ vI ‘gurduafrf aYkt‘ df Êulfm bxf ilaf igaf. akfl qÉq dI syvf sMBfl leI 1920 ‘c bixaf afrËI jwQf ÈRomxI kmytI dI sQfpnf mgroN hI gfieb ho igaf sI, pr iesdf afrËI jQydfr (ijsƒ awjklH akfl qÉq df jQydfr kih idwqf jFdf hY) bxfAux dI iprq cwldI rhI, jo ajy jfrI hY. ieh pMQk BfvnfvF nfl koJf mËfk hY. pMQ ny pujfrIaF koloN akfl qÉq ies leI afËfd krvfieaf sI, qF ik iesdI gvfcI Èfn muV bhfl kIqI jf sky. Kuwsy ‘iswK rfj‘ ƒ muV hfsl krky akfl qÉq dI srdfrI sQfpq kIqI jf sky. pr hoieaf iesdy Ault. pujfrIaF koloN Koh ky akfl qÉq ÈRomxI kmytI ƒ sONp idwqf igaf, jo afrËI jQydfr rfhIN kMm clfeI jf rhI hY.
pujfrI vI akfl qÉq ƒ gurduafrf (pfT pUjf df sQfn) smJdy sn qy ÈRomxI kmytI vI akfl qÉq ƒ gurduafrf (pfT pUjf df sQfn) smJdI hY. nf pujfrI akfl qÉq ƒ ‘qÉq` (srkfr jF rfj pRbMD) bxfky rfËI sn qy nf hI ÈRomxI kmytI bxfky rfËI hY! jdik gurU hirgoibMd sfihb ny akfl qÉq ƒ ‘vwKry rfj pRbMD` vjoN sQfipq kIqf sI, ijsdf spwÈt pRgtfvf aTfrHvIN sdI `c ‘iswK rfj` dI kfiemI nfl hoieaf. ies ‘iswK rfj` df byVf grk mhfrfjf rxjIq isMG ny kIqf, ijsny akfl qÉq ƒ vI afpxI muwTI `c rwiKaf. Aus mgroN aMgryËF ny akfl qÉq `qy pujfrI ibTfAuxy ÈurU kr idwqy.
1920 mgroN akfl qÉq ƒ pwky qOr ‘qy ‘gurduafrf‘ (pfT pUjf df sQfn) mMn ilaf igaf hY qy iesdf vwKrf rfj pRbMD bxfAux df koeI Auprflf nf kIqf igaf. iesƒ kfƒnI mfnqf vI iml geI. idlcsp gwl ieh hY ik akfl qÉq dy Kqm ho cuwky jQy qoN ibnF hI jQydfr dI inXukqI ÈRomxI kmytI krI jf rhI hY qy akfl qÉq df iek hYWz gRMQI vI mukwrr kr idwqf igaf hY. gRMQI qF gurU gRMQ sfihb dI syvf-sMBfl krn vfly ivakqI ƒ kihMdy hn. Pyr akfl qÉq df hYWz gRMQI ikvyN ho skdf hY? ÉYr, ieh sfrI zrfmybfËI akfl qÉq ƒ ‘hYWz gurduafrf‘ (pfT pUjf df sQfn) bxfAux dI srkfrI sfiËÈ df iswtf hY.
1947 qoN pihlF pMQ aMgryËF qoN afËfdI hfsl krn bfry soc nf sikaf. nf koeI ‘srbwq Éflsf` iekwT hoieaf nf pMQk kdrF kImqF dI muV bhflI leI Auprfly hoey. Bfrq dI afËfdI qoN pihlF pfiksqfn bxfAux dIaF gwlF cwlx nfl iswK afgUaF `c vI ‘Éfilsqfn` bxfAux dI rIJ pYdf hoeI. pr gFDI-nihrU dy pYrokfr bxy hoey iswK afgUaF ny CyqI hI ‘Éfilsqfn` vloN mUMh moV ilaf. 1947 dI ivsfKI ƒ ÈRomxI akflI dl dI iek mIitMg akfl qÉq `qy hoeI, ijs ivc akfl qÉq aDIn ‘afËfd iswK rfj` isrjx dIaF ivcfrF krn QF gFDI- nihrU dIaf hdfieqF `qy muslmfnF ƒ vwZx bfry hI ivcfrF hoeIaF. (Aus smyN afËfd iswK rfj` bfry ‘srbwq Éflsf` bulfky iswKF dI rfey leI jfxI cfhIdI sI)
1947 ‘c akfl qÉq dy aDIn ‘iswK rfj‘ kfiem krn df sunihrI mOkf sI, jo iswKF ny gvf idwqf. jdoN akfl qÉq ƒ gurduafrf (pfT pUjf df sQfn) hI imwQ ilaf igaf, qF Aus aDIn rfjpRbMD iksny bxfAuxf sI? ieh pMQ nfl nMgI-icwtI gwdfrI sI. Pyr akfl qÉq Aupr ‘mrn vrqF‘ dy zrfmy ÈurU hoey. ieh vrq kfhdy leI sI? iswKF df afpxf sUbf bxfAux vfsqy. hux ieh iek afm bMdy ƒ vI pqf hY ik jykr iksy ‘qy dbfa pfAuxf hovy, qF Ausdy duafry cVHky mrn df zrfmf krn df qF koeI asr ho skdf hY. pr afpxy Gr ‘c mrn nfl dUjy ‘qy kI asr pvygf? ieh iek invyklf vrqfrf sI jo akflIaF ny aml ivc ilaFdf, ijsdI nf koeI isDFqk mfnqf sI qy nf hI iesƒ pMQ dI pRvfngI hfsl sI.
1978 mgroN qF akflIaF ny hor vI hwd kr idwqI. akfl qÉq dy ‘afrËI jQydfr isstm ƒ pwky pYrIN kridaF drbfr sfihb `c pYsy lY ky pfT krn vfly pfTIaF ƒ hI ‘pMj isMG sfihbfn` dI siqkfrq ÈRyxI `c bdl idwqf. ieh 1920 vfly hflfq qoN vI ipCy iljfx vflI gwl sI. Pyr ieh aKOqI ‘pMj isMG sfihbfn` pMQ ƒ ‘hukmnfmy` jfrI krn lwg pey, jdik ies qoN pihlF gurU sfihbfn dy ‘hukmnfmy` hI iswKF ny suxy sn. drasl akflIaF ƒ akfl qÉq ƒ vrqx dI jfc af geI sI qy Auh akfl qÉq dy afrËI jQydfr qy (aKOqI) pMj isMG sfihbfn ƒ afpxy mqlb leI vrqx lwg pey. jdoN akflIaF dIaF ienHF clfkIaF ivruwD vIhvIN sdI dy mhfn iswK jrnYl sMq jrnYl isMG jI iBMzrFvfly dI agvfeI `c pMQ ny afvfË AuTfeI qF akflIaF ny smyN dI Ëflm pRDfn mMqrI ieMdrf nfl imlky 1984 `c akfl qÉq `qy hI hmlf krvf idwqf. ieh akfl qÉq qy pMQ nfl Èryafm gwdfrI sI.
ijnHF akflIaF dI hoNd hI akfl qÉq nfl sI, AunHF df ieho ijhf GtIaf ikrdfr vyKky pMQ ‘c ros AuTxf lfËmI sI. ros qF AuiTaf pr ieh iksy iknfry nf lwigaf. ies mgroN akflIaF ny ÈRomxI kmytI rfhIN muV akfl qÉq ‘qy kfbË ho ky iesdf hor ‘gurduafrfkrx‘ kr idwqf. ‘pMj isMG sfihbfn‘ dI pujfrI pRxflI qF AunHF 1984 qoN pihlF hI hoNd ‘c lY aFdI sI, hux AunHF idwlI drbfr dy ieÈfiraF ‘qy aKMz pfTF dIaF lVIaF vI akfl qÉq ‘qy clf idwqIaF (ieh sMqF-bfibaF dI vpfrk loV hY, ijsdf iswKI nfl dUr df vI vfsqf nhIN). akfl qÉq Aupr aKMz pfTF dIaF lVIaF pMj isMG sfihbfn dy aKOqI ‘hukmnfmy‘ (drasl idwlI drbfr dy hukmnfmy) jfrI hox nfl ieh idwlI qÉq dI iek ‘eyjMsI‘ ijhI bxky rih igaf, jo akflI dl qoN ‘pMjfbI dl‘ bx cuwky msMd lokF leI vDIaf sUq bYTf hoieaf hY. ijs akfl qÉq ƒ pMQ ny ies afs nfl 1920 ‘c afËfd krvfieaf sI ik Ausdf afpxf afËfd rfjpRbMD hovygf, Ausdf Aus Aupr kfbË hoey qy idwlI drbfr ƒ ivky hoey akflIaF ny aijhf BfrqIkrn kr idwqf ik AuQoN ihMdUvfdI soc pRcfrI jf rhI hY.
kIqf kI jfvy?
akfl qÉq ‘afËfd iswK rfj` df lKfiek hY qy iswKF ny 1754 qoN 1794 eI[ qk sulqfn-Aul-kOm srdfr jwsf isMG afhlUvflIaf qy jwsf isMG rfmgVHIaf dI sucwjI agvfeI `c qkrIbn 40 sfl ‘iswK rfj` clfieaf vI hY, ijs dOrfn 1783 eI[ `c idwlI qÉq ƒ vI akfl qÉq dy rfjpRbMD aDIn kr ilaf igaf sI. akfl qÉq df rfj pRbMD Kqm kIqf BfrqI isstm dy mqvfly mhfrfjf rxjIq isMG ny. Aus mgroN awj qk khfxI sUq nhIN afeI. awj qF akfl qÉq df ies hwd qk BfrqIkrn ho cuwkf hY ik vydF ƒ mMnx vfly ‘vydFqI` akfl qÉq dy (aKOqI) jQydfr hn qy idwlI drbfr dy ‘hukmnfmy` akfl qÉq qoN jfrI kIqy jf rhy hn. ies ƒ pMQk kdrF-kImqF muqfbk Zflx leI akfl qÉq df vwKrf pRbMDkI isstm bxfAux dI loV hY. 1920 `c akfl qÉq df afrËI isstm bxfieaf igaf sI, jo awj lgBg nkfrf hI ho cuwikaf hY. akfl qÉq df pRbMDkI isstm kuJ ies qrHF df hoxf cfhIdf hY:
(A) akfl qÉq zfierYktoryt: akfl qÉq ƒ clfAux leI Gwto-Gwt 100 isafxy iswKF df zfierYktoryt hovy, jo ‘srbwq Éflsf` rfhIN cuixaf jfvy. zfierYktoryt ivc jIvn dy vwK-vwK KyqrF nfl sbMDq ivBfg hox qy hryk ivBfg dy iek jF do zfierYktr hox. zfierYktoryt df iek muKI hovy, ijsƒ sulqfn-Aul-kOm vrgI pdvI hfsl hovy.
(a) akfl qÉq skwqryq: akfl qÉq zfierYktoryt rfhIN ley PYsly qy GVIaF geIaF nIqIaF lfgU krn leI akfl qÉq dI vwKrf skwqryq hovy.
(e) akfl qÉq df hukmnfmf: akfl qÉq qoN jfrI hox vflf ‘hukmnfmf` Gwto-Gwt iswKF leI kfƒn df drjf rwKdf hovy. ieh zfierYktoryt vloN ‘srbwq Éflsf` iekwT dI pRvfxgI nfl iqafr kIqf jfvy.
(s) akfl qÉq dI puils: akfl qÉq vloN jfrI hukmnfmy ƒ lfgU krvfAux leI puils vI hoxI cfhIdI hY, jo iesdI AulMGxf krn vfilaF ƒ PVky akfl qÉq ‘qy pyÈ kry.
(h) akfl qÉq dIaF adflqF: ‘iswK homlYNz` (pMjfb) ivc akfl qÉq dy aDIn loV anusfr adflqF vI bxfeIaF jf skdIaF hn. anMdpur qy qlvMzI sfbo vfly (aKOqI) qÉqF ƒ adflqF `c qbdIl kIqf jf skdf hY. hornF QfvF `qy vI adflqF kfiem ho skdIaF hn.
kuJ vI hovy, akfl qÉq ƒ ajoky akflIaF qy ÈRomxI kmytI qoN afËfd krvfky vwKry pRbMDkI isstm rfhIN clfAux dI loV hY, qF jo ieh ‘vYtIkn istI` vrgf drjf hfsl kr sky, ijs qrHF df drjf akflI PUlf isMG vyly sI (Aus smyN 500 inhMg isMGF dI POj akfl qÉq smyq aMimRqsr Èihr dI rfKI krdI sI). sMn 2008 `c af rhy akfl qÉq dy 400 sflf sQfpnf idvs qoN pihlF pMQ ƒ ieh morcf Ìqih kr lYxf cfhIdf hY.