jdoN amrIkI vfeIt hfAUs mUhry KfilsqfnI prcm July

"suKimMdr isMG hMsrf"

18vIN sdI dy qkrIbn sLurU ‘c mfrc 23, 1765 vfly idn amrIkf dy iewk vqnpRsq bulfry pYtirwk hYnrI ny ivrjInIaf hfAUs afP brgIjL ivwc BfsLn idMidaF ikhf ik “igv mI ilbrtI aOr igv mI izwQ” Bfv mYnMU afjLfdI idE jF mYnMU mOq dy idE. hYnrI dy Auprokq ivcfr ieh gwl nMU qsdIk krdy hn ik afjLfdI mnuwK df muwZlf aiDkfr hY aqy jdoN srkfrF ies aiDkfr dy zfkf mfrdIaF hn qF afvfjL bulMd krnI jfiejL hI nhIN sgoN iewko iewk cfrf bfkI rih jFdf hY.

          kOm dI afjLfdI, kOmI prvfinaF dI sÉq imhnq aqy kurbfnI coN puMgiraf Auh Puwl huMdf hY ijs dI dunIaf dy hr vrg nMU qlfsL hY. ies qlfsL ivwc iswK kOm dy iewk lwK qoN Aupr kOmI prvfinaF ny afpxI jfnF dI kurbfnI dy ky ijQy iswK ieiqhfs dy sunihrI pMinaF ivwc vfDf kridaF pMcm pfqsLfh gurU arjn sfihb dy jfnsLIn hox df mfx pRfpq kIqf hY AuQy iswK kOm dy ies kOmI sMGrsL nMU hor pRpwkqf muheIaf kridaF ies sMGrsL nMU sMpUrnqf qwk sdIvqf pRdfn kIqI hY.

          kOmI afjLfdI dy PuwlF dI sugMD aqy kOmI prvfinaF dI idRVHqf aqy AunHF dI lgn dy jlOa nMU anuBv krnf kmjLor, ivk cuwkIaF jF buwDIjIvI hox df Brm pflx vflIaF rUhF dy vws df rog nhIN hY. muwZ kdIm qoN hI kOmI prvfinaF dI soc df ivroD krn vflIaF sLkqIaF “isDFqk ivroDI” hox dy bfvjUd lokF ivwc afpxy afp nMU smfj df agFh vDU aMg bxf ky pysL krdIaF rihMdIaF hn aqy kOmI sMGrsL df Gfx krn dy pfqr ho inbVdIaF hn.

          bIqy hPqy 18 julfeI sMn 2005, idn somvfr nMU vfisLMgtn ivKy amrIkf dy vfeIt hfAUs mUhry iswK kOm dI afjLfdI df prcm JUldf vyK ky gYrqmMd aqy afqm inrxYkfrI iswKF nMU byhwd KusLI mihsUs hoeI. ieh pRBfv sFJ svyrf dI vYbsfeIt dy cfr lwK qoN Aupr ivjLtrF vloN vwzI qfdfd ivwc phuMcIaF eImylF qoN imilaf hY. pr dUsry pfsy BfrqI pRfpygMzf msLInrI dy kuwJ purjLy ies pwK qoN sLor mcf rhy hn ik ieh mujLfhrf iewk iswK pRDfn mMqrI dy iÉlfÌ sI aqy aYsf krn nfl kuwJ ku iswKF ny iswKF df hI aMqrrfsLtrI mMc dy mjLfk Auzfieaf hY. vrnxXog hY ik iswK kOm dy mYNbrF vloN kIqy mujLfhry nMU njLfiejL TihrfAux vflIaF iDrF, kI ieh dwsxgIaF ik iswK kOm dI afjLfdI df pRcm Juwldf vyK ky AunHF nMU KusLI ikAuN nhIN hoeI? mnmohx isMG vI amrIkI srkfr df mihmfn bx ky AuQy igaf sI aqy mujLfhrfkfrI jo amrIkI nfgirk vI hn amrIkI aiDkfrIaF dI afigaf nfl hI AuQy iswK kOm dI afjLfdI df pRcm lY ky puwjy sn. iewk sLKsL dy isr qy bMnI pgVI nfl iswK kOm df isr AuWcf huMdf hY jF kOmI JMzy Juwldy (JUldy insLfn rihx pMQ mhfrfjL dy) vyK ky iswK df isr AuWcf hoxf cfhIdf hY ? pr agr ienHF purijLaF df qrk mMn ilaf jfvy qF Bfrq vrgy dysL dI mkfr lIzrisLp leI iswK kOm nMU 100 sfl hor gulfm rwKx vfsqy ieh kfPI hovygf ik iksy kmjLor qbIaq dy pgVIDfrI nMU pRDfn mMqrI pd qy ibrfjmfn kr idwqf jfvy ikAuNik aYsf krn nfl iswKF dI ienkflbI soc pwgVI dI sLrm hyT db ky rih jfvygI.

          Bfrq dI pRfpygMzf msLInrI ny pihlF ieh Kbr PYlfAux dI koisLsL kIqI ik mujLfhrfkfrIaF nMU qF vfeIt hfAUs dy nyVy vI Zuwkx nhIN idwqf igaf pr jdoN sFJ svyrf vloN vfeIt hfAUs dy aYn mUhry isMGF vloN kIqy gey mujLfhry dIaF PotUaF pRkfsLq kIqI geIaF qF sLrmsLfr mIzIafkfrF nMU mnmohx isMG dI pgVI cyqy af geI.

          afE ies muwdy vwl iDafn kyNdrq krIey ik kI mnmohx isMG nMU iswK krky pRDfn mMqrI bxfieaf igaf sI jF AusdI kfblIaq krky. bhuqfq ivwc ies ivcfr nfl pfTk sihmq hoxgy ik dunIaf pwDr qy mnmohx isMG dI iewk AuWGy arQ ÈfsqrI vjoN pCfx sQfpq ho cuwkI hY ijs krky Bfrq nMU AusdI ilafkq dI sÉq jrUrq sI. ieh vI pwK axgOilaf nhIN kIqf jf skdf ik sonIaf gFDI afpxy puwq rfhul gFDI nMU isafsq ivwc awgy ilafAuxf cfhuMdI hY ies krky Auh aYsI koeI nrd nhIN cwlxI cfhuMdI sI, jo AusdI ies prvfirk sLqrMj ivwc Aus leI musLkl bx ky sfhmxy af sky. mnmohx isMG df pRDfn mMqrI bxn qoN iewk idn bfad df ibafn, ik Auh sonIaf gFDI dI srpRsqI hyT hr PYslf krygf, ies gwl nMU qsdIk krdf hY ik nF kyvl mnmohx isMG bIbI sonIaf df afigafkfr hI hY sgoN Auh aglyrI rfjnIqI ivwc vI AuhI nrd cwlygf jo bIbI sonIaf dy mnorQ nMU iPwt bYTygI. ieQy iewk hor ieqihfsk qwQ ilK dyvF, jo ies ilKq dy aMqrgq iewk sfQI pwqrkfr dy Pon qoN hI pqf lwgf ik Bfrq dy sfbkf rfsLtrpqI igafnI jLYl isMG ny rfstrpqI df ahudf sMBflx qoN bfad ieh ibafn idwqf sI ik Auh BfvyN Bfrq df rfsLtrpqI bx igaf hY pr agr ieMdrf gFDI khy qF mYN Ausdy Gr JfVU vI mfr skdf hF. kI ienHF pgVIDfrI iswKF ivwc iswKI vfly jIn mOjUd lwgdy hn. iswKI df afDfr inrBE aqy inrvYrqf hY, kfierqf jF cfplUsI nhIN.

          mnmohx isMG df pRDfn mMqrI bxnf aqy iewk sfl qwk afpxy pd qy rih ky rfj isMGfsn clfAuxf, ieh sMkyq nhIN idMdf ik AusnMU iswK hox nfqy pRDfn mMqrI bxfieaf igaf hY jF iswK, jo iewk Gwt igxqI kOm hY nMU Aus vloN koeI iensfP duafAux vfry sMkyqk kdm hI puwitaf igaf hY. sgoN iesdy Ault pRDfn mMqrI mnmohx isMG vloN Bfrq df ivwq mMqrI hox vyly XU[aYn[ dI ihAUmn rfeIts kimsLn kol ieh kihxf ik pMjfb ivwc sB TIk Tfk hY iswK kOm dy mnuwKI aiDkfrF pRqI ipwT GumfAux quwl hY. 

          awj dy ies kRFqIkfrI Xuwg ivwc aijhI soc dI guMjfiesL ikQy hY ik isrÌ isr qy pgVI hox vfly nMU iswK mMn ky Aus iÉlfÌ aMqrrfsLtrI mMc qy ÈFqI pUrvk muwdy AuCflny gunfh hY.

          muwdy AuCflny sLfied kfÌI nhIN huMdy sgoN mujLfhrf krn df mksd qF dunIaf dy lokF nMU muwidaF dI jfxkfrI dyxI huMdI hY. amrIkI vfeIt hfAUs sfhmxy hoey mujLfhry ivwc ijQy Bfrq srkfr dI, Gwt igxqIaF pRqI bIqy sflF dI kfrgujLfrI nMU muwdf bxf ky AuBfiraf igaf hY AuQy dunIaf dy lokF nMU ieh dwsx dI koisLsL kIqI geI hY ik ijhVf mulk XU[aYn[E[ ivwc pwkI mYNbrI mMg irhf hY asl ivwc Auh XU[aYn[ dIaF anykF DfrfvF dI AulMGxf kr irhf hY. ieQy vrnnXog hY ik XU[aYn[ dy cfrtr anusfr afjLfdI hr mnuwK df jmFdrU hwk hY aqy koeI vI srkfr iksy mnuwKI dI buinafdI afjLfdI qoN munkr nhIN ho skdI jdoN ik Bfrq srkfr XU[aYn[ dy ies cfrtr aqy afpxy hI suprIm kort vloN Kfilsqfn dy sLFqI pUrvk aMdoln nMU jfiejL TihrfAux vfly PYsly dIaF DwjIaF AuzfAuNdI mfn vrgy pMQk afgUaF nMU jylHF dIaF slfKF ipwCy zwkI bYTI hY.

          agr mnmohx isMG nMU pgVI bMnHx sdkf koeI suafl krnf gunfh hY qF kI asIN ieh mMn skdy hF ik ipCly iewk dhfky ivwc isr qy pocvIN pwg bMnHx vflf ky[pI[aYs[ igwl vI iswK hI sI ijs ny pMjfb aMdr BuwKy biGafV vFg iswK nOjvfnF df isLkfr kIqf aqy hjLfrF nMU mOq dy Gft Auqfr idwqf. kI Aus iKlfP mujLfhrf krn njLfiejL hovygf ?

          agr pgVI bMnHx nfl hI iswK df iKqfb iml jFdf hY qF kI asIN ieh mMn leIey ik ipCly iewk dhfky ivwc isr qy cUVIdfr pwg bMnHx vflf pMjfb df sfbkf muwK mMqrI byaMq ishuM vI iewk iswK hI sI, BfvyN ik Aus nUM kfqly pMjfb df iKqfb iml cuwkf sI.

          pMjfb aMdr dirMidaF dI qrHF ivcry svrny Gotxy aqy ajIq ishuM vrgy anykF iswK idsx vfly, pr asl ivwc iswKF dy kfql hn ijnHF nMU myry ivcfr anusfr iswK kihxf gunfh hY, kI agr ieh sKsL jF ienHF coN koeI AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc afAuNdf hY qF ieQoN dy iswK “aKOqI buwDI jIvIaF” dI rfie mMn ky AunHF iKlfP koeI pRdrsLnI nhIN krngy, ijs nfl AunHF dy ichiraF Aupr cVfeyy “supr kfp” jF “sLFqI df msIhf” afid dy nkfb pfV ky Auqfry jf skx aqy ienHF bMdy KfixaF nMU aMqrrfsLtrI mMc qy lokF sfhmxy nMigaF kIqf jf sky ?

          lokqMqrI ZFcy ivwc srkfrF dy lok ivroDI PYsilaF nMU cuxOqI dyx leI “mujLfhry” kfrgr, kfnMUn Èudf aqy ZuwkvF ZMg hY. ies ZMg nMU dunIaf dy lok afpo afpxy qrIikaF nfl vrqdy aqy hwk hkUk pRfpq krn leI lfmbMd huMdy hn. mujLfhry dI iewk mrXfdf hoieaf krdI hY ijs nMU iDafn ivwc rwK ky kIqf mujLfhrf ijafdf asrdfiek aqy ijafdf pRfpqI numf ho skdf hY. mujLfhry dy pRbMDkF nMU iewk gwl df Kfs iKafl rwKxf huMdf hY ikAuNik mujLfhrf iksy srkfr jF ivwq BrpUr adfry dI hoNd nMU cuxOqI huMdI hY ies leI, aksr hI srkfrF afpxI ivwqI sLkqI df iesqymfl krky mujLfhry dy asl mnorQ nMU ivgfV ky pysL krn dI koisLsL ivwc huMdIaF hn. aYsf krn leI AunHF afpxy pflqUaF rfhIN qwQhIx muwdy AuBfr ky mhOl nMU gMDlf aqy srkfr pwKI bxfAux leI XqnsLIl rihMdy hn. amrIkn vrgIaF cyqMn kOmF ivwc aYsf hoxf BfvyN asMBv hI hY pr Gwt igxqI gulfm kOmF ivwc srkfrF dI GuwspYT kfrx pYdf hoeI byvsfhI sdkf ieh hiQafr keI vfr bVf gihrf vfr kr jFdf hY.

          pfTkF dy iDafn gocry kuwJ ieiqhfsk qwQ pysL hn qF ik ieh anuBv kIqf jf sky ik mujLfhrf krnf Gwt igxqI kOmF df hwk hY aqy iehI iewk qrIkf hY ijs rfhIN sucyqqf pYdf kIqI jf skdI hY.

julfeI 23 1877 ivwc sFnPrFissko ivwc cInI kfimaF nfl qnÉfhF dy mfmly ivwc ho rhy ivqkry nMU Aujfgr krdf iewk jbrdsq mujLfhrf kIqf igaf sI jo awj vI amrIkI ieiqhfs ivwc drj AunHF dy ivqkrI ichry df nMgyj pysL kr irhf hY.

1932 ivwc amrIkI rfjDfnI ‘c bons afrmI vloN pYnsLn Bwqf vsUlx leI iewk jbrdsq pRdrsLnI kIqI geI sI.

1965 ivwc kMbozIan nfgirkF ny amrIkI aYNbYsI mUhry kMbozIan aqy AuWqrI vIaqnfm iÉlfÌ amrIkf vloN ivwZI jMg iÉlfÌ jbrdsq mujLfhrf kIqf.

jUn, 10 1965 vfly idn skUl dy iewk suprzYNt nMU dubfrf nOkrI qy rwKx iÉlfÌ isLkfgo isvl rfeIts mujLfhrf kIqf igaf.

akqUbr 22, 1967 nMU amrIkf dy sLihrF ivwc aYNtI-vIaqnfm vfr mujLfhry amrIkI nfgirkF vloN kIqy gey.

1970 ivwc vfisLMgtn dIaF bwsF nMU sVkF qy pfrk krky aqy trYiÌk jfm krky vIaqnfm jMg iKlfP amrIkI nfgirkF ny mujLfhrf kIqf.

1973 ivwc amrIkI nfgirkF vloN vfeIt hfAUs qy Aus vyly dy pYRËIzYNt ircrz inksLn nMU mhF doÈI (ieMmpIc) hox df dosL lfAuNidaF juafb qlbI dI mMg krn leI jbrdsq mujLfhrf kIqf igaf.

25 mfrc 1965 nMU smfjI hwkF (isvl rfeIts) leI amrIkI nfgirkF vloN jbrdsq pRdrsLn kIqf igaf aqy BIV nMU iKMzfAux leI zfls pulIs ny tIar gYs df iesqymfl kIqf.

meI 07, 1963 nMU brimMGm pulIs iÉlfÌ aÌrIkx amrIknF vloN ivqkiraF iÉlfÌ jbrdsq mujLfhrf kIqf igaf.

24 akqUbr sMn 1962 nMU jdoN amrIkf ikAUbf qy Dfvf kIqf sI qF vfeIt hfAUs awgy amrIkI aOrqF vloN mujLfhrf kIqf igaf sI ijs ivwc PVIaF qKqIaF Aupr iliKaf sI “”zONt ienvyz ikAUbf”.

akqUbr 1962 nMU hI vwzI qfdfd ivwc aOrqF ny iekwqr ho ky XU[aYn[ E[ dy dÌqr awgy ikAUbn blfkeyz” sbMDI ros mujLfhrf kIqf sI ijs ivwc qKqIaF Aupr iliKaf sI “pYRËIzYNt kYnyzI bI kyarPuwl”.

amrIkf vloN ierfk iÉlfÌ ivwZI jMg qoN bfad 17 PrvrI sMn 2003 nMU bI[bI[sI[ lMzn dI iewk irport anusfr iewk imlIanjL lok ies vIk aYNz qy dunIaf dy vwK vwK dysLF dy vwzy sLihrF ivwc lok glIaF ivwc amrIkI aqy ieMglYNz srkfr dy ies Dwky iÉlfÌ ros mujLfhry ivwc sLfml hoey sn. rom ivwc iewk aMdfjLy anusfr 3 imlIan lok ienHF mujLfhiraF ivwc sLfml hoey sn. Bfrq ivwc ies ros mujLfhry ivwc klkwqy ivKy 10 hjLfr df iekwT sI. ienHF mujLfhiraF ivwc kYnyzf dy sLihrF ivwc hoieaf iekwT afpxy afp ivwc imsfl sI. ijs df vyrvf ies pRkfr hY:

          iswK BfeIcfry ny vI bIqy idnIN aOtvf ivKy PrFs dy rfjdUq dy dÌqr mUhry ÈFqI pUrvk mujLfhrf krky dunIaf dy lokF nMU dsqfr pRqI iswKF nfl ho rhy Dwky nMU Aujfgr kIqf sI. agr AuntfrIE dy iswK isrÌ iehI smJdy sn ik asIN PRFs srkfr nMU hI afpxf mslf smJfAuxf hY qF aijhf krn leI AuQy mujLfhrf krn dI koeI loV nhIN sI ikAuNik PRFs dy rfjdUq ny pRbMDkF nMU mYmorMzm lYx leI bkfiedf smF idwqf hoieaf sI.

          iswK kOm vloN vfisLMgtn ivwc kIqy gey mujLfhry nMU amrIkI iswK gurduafrf kmytI, jo amrIkf ny bhumq gurduafiraF dI pRqIinD jQybMdI hY vloN ÈoRmxI akflI dl aMimRqsr aqy Kfilsqfn aPyarjL sYNtr dy sihXog nfl afXoijq kIqf igaf sI. ies mujLfhry ivwc mYnMU sLfml hox aqy afpxy ivcfr pysL krn df mOkf vI imilaf sI. ieQy mslf mnmohx isMG dI kfrgujLfrI df nhIN sI aqy nF hI kdy ivakqI ivsLysL dy iÉlfÌ kOmI qOr qy mujLfhrf kIqf jFdf hY. ies mujLfhry ivwc afm krky Bfrq aMdr Gwt igxqI lokF aqy ivsLysL krky iswKF nfl ho rhIaF vDIkIaF df mslf bVI bÉUbI nfl ÈFqI pUrvk rihMidaF AuTfieaf igaf aqy amrIkI mIzIey ny iesdf ZukvF noits lYNidaF ies nMU afpxIaF irportF ivwc sLfml krky iswK kOm dI ies koisLsL nMU svIkfr kIqf.

          hux 15 agsq nMU trFto aqy hor vwK vwK sLihrF ivwc iswK kOm vloN Bfrq dI afjLfdI nMU asvIkfr kridaF ros mujLfhry kIqy jf rhy hn. kI koeI ÈKs ies muËfhry df mYmorMzm BfrqI hkUmq dy numfieMdy nMU phuMcfAux leI apUafieMtmYNt lY skdf hY? agr aYsf kr skdf hY qF AusnMU mujLfhry dy pRbMDkF nfl rfbqf kfiem krky iswK kOm df sunyhf BfrqI hkUmq qwk phuMcfAux dI syvf lY lYxI cfhIdI hY. byqukIaF jF gYr qwQI gwlF kOmF df kuwJ nhIN sMvfrdIaF sgoN ÈÉsIaq df asl AuGfVdIaF hn .

          AuntfrIE ivwc vsdy iswK BfeIcfry dy afgU vrg nMU purjLor sLbdF ivwc apIl hY ik Auh kfrjsLIl huMdy hoey svY-klipq mIzIafkfrF dy kfrnfimaF df noits lYx aqy BfeIcfirk jF loVINdI kfnMUnI pRxflI df pRXog krky AunHF nMU inrafDfr aqy PjLUl tIkf itwpxI krn qoN ivvrijLq krn.